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Curated index

Manufacturer enforcement

OEM Clean Air Act enforcement matters, 1998 to present. Kept strictly separate from independent-tuner criminal defendants.

Historical chronology

  1. 1998 · U.S. Department of Justice / U.S. EPA

    1998 Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Manufacturers Settlement (United States, et al. v. Caterpillar et al.)

    Consent decrees resolved the underlying claims and imposed continuing rebuild, retrofit, offset and reporting obligations on all seven engine manufacturers.

    • Civil: $83.4M
    • Known minimum: $1B
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency →U.S. Department of Justice →

  2. 2015 · U.S. Department of Justice / U.S. EPA

    United States v. Navistar Inc. — Clean Air Act civil settlement

    Consent decree resolved civil liability and imposed separate mitigation obligations.

    • Civil: $52M
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency →

  3. 2017 · U.S. Department of Justice / U.S. EPA

    United States v. Volkswagen AG — criminal plea and civil resolution

    Criminal plea and civil consent decree entered in 2017; separate consumer buyback/lease termination and $2.9 billion NOx mitigation trust proceeded under parallel orders.

    • Civil: $1.50B
    • Criminal: $2.80B
    • Known minimum: $4.30B
    U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs →U.S. Environmental Protection Agency →

  4. 2017 · U.S. Department of Justice / U.S. EPA

    United States v. Detroit Diesel Corporation — Clean Air Act civil settlement

    Consent decree entered in 2017 imposing a $14 million civil penalty and $14.5 million in mitigation projects.

    • Civil: $14M
    • Known minimum: $28.5M
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency →

  5. 2020 · U.S. Department of Justice / U.S. EPA / State of California

    United States v. Daimler AG and Mercedes-Benz USA LLC — Clean Air Act civil settlement

    Consent decree entered in 2020 requiring recall, extended warranties, mitigation and continuing compliance.

    • Known minimum: $1.50B
    U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs →U.S. Environmental Protection Agency →

  6. 2022 · U.S. Department of Justice

    United States v. FCA US LLC — criminal emissions-fraud resolution

    FCA US LLC entered a guilty plea in 2022 and paid criminal financial penalties in excess of $300 million; separate civil and consumer resolutions were previously addressed.

    • Criminal: $300M
    U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs →

  7. 2024 · U.S. Department of Justice / U.S. EPA

    United States v. Cummins Inc. — Clean Air Act civil enforcement

    Consent decree entered in 2024 imposing the record civil penalty and multi-year remediation, monitoring and compliance obligations.

    • Civil: $1.68B
    • Remediation: $325M
    U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs →U.S. Environmental Protection Agency →

  8. 2025 · U.S. Department of Justice / U.S. EPA / California Air Resources Board

    United States v. Hino Motors — criminal plea and civil resolution

    Guilty plea and coordinated criminal/civil resolution announced in 2025 with continuing recall, mitigation and compliance obligations.

    • Criminal: $0
    • Known minimum: $1.60B
    U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs →U.S. Environmental Protection Agency →